语法通解讲义
第一单元概说
一、词类
词类英语名称作用例词
名词Noun(n.)人或事物的名称girl,car,London 代词Pronoun(pron.)代替名词he,they,those
英语四级考什么题型及所占分数形容词Adjective(adj.)表示人或事物的特征big,beautiful,
honest
动词Verb(v.)表示行为或状态talk,hear,is
副词Adverb(adv.)表示动作特征或形状特征very,nicely,back 冠词Article(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明其意义a,an,the
介词Preposition
(prep.)用在名词、代词前说明与别的词的
关系
for,from,on
连词Conjunction
(conj.)
用来连接词、词组或句子and,if,though
感叹词Interjection
(interj.)
表示说话时的感情或口气oh,alas
二、短语
作用和一个词相似的一组词可称为短语。根据所起的作用可以大致分为:
1.名词短语:The king of death will come sooner or later.
2.形容词短语:He is a man of wealth.
3.副词短语:He speaks English with fluency.
4.动词短语:He is fond of music.
5.介词短语:He stood in front of a tree.
6.连词短语:Let me know in case he is ill.
三、句子
一般情况下,句子有两部分组成:主语和谓语。
根据作用可以分为四种类型:陈述句;疑问句;祈使句;感叹句。
根据结构可以分为四种类型:简单句;并列句;复合句;并列复合句。
请阅读下面的句子:
1.How well she dances!
2.Is it windy in Beijing?
3.Don’t add the ingredients to the noodles.
4.The news astonished me.
5.The strange news greatly astonished me.
6.The strange news received last night was a rumor.
7.The strange news which we received last night proves false.
8.I walked along,and he followed me.
9.I must work,or I shall be starved,but I am so ill.
10.I know that you are all right.
11.How he did it was unknown.
12.He entered the room where many of his friends were waiting.
13.He will come here if it doesn’t rain.
14.He made a suggestion that we should start at once.
15.The truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people.
16.He is my friend and that’s why I have accepted the task.
第二单元名词
名词是人、动物、事物、地方、状态、品质或动作的名称。它可以表示具体的东西,也可表示抽象的东西。
一、名词的种类
1.普通名词:teacher,dog,city,river,church,book等。
2.专有名词:John,London,Mississippi,Bible,New York Times等,专有名词第一个字母要大写。
3.集体名词:mankind,family,army,company,flock,pack,swarm,furniture 等。
4.物质名词:sugar,gold,rice,air,oil,oxygen,perfume等。
5.抽象名词:goodness,hardness,poverty,quiet,arrival,destruction等。
二、可数名词与不可数名词
1.凡属前面可加不定冠词a(an)或其相应代词(如another,one,every,each)并能用于复数形式的为可数名词,如:(a)boy,(another)book,(every)house,(each)day。
2.不能加a或其相应代词,也不能用于复数形式的为不可数名词,如:beef,oil,bravery,information,poverty。
3.可数名词和不可数名词,前面都可加定冠词the,或this,that,some,any,no这类代词,如:(the)waiter,(this)oil,(that)idea,(no)information,(her)courage。
4.有些名词总是用作可数名词的,如:leg,dog,pen。有些名词总是用作不可数名词,如:pork,gold,honesty。有些则有时用作可数名词,有时用作不可数名词,如:
It is made of glass.(不可数)
He held a glass.(可数)
Revolution destroyed the old system.(不可数)
There broke out a revolution.(可数)
三、名词的单复数
1.规则的复数形式
常见下面6种情况:
a.在单数形式后直接加-s:pencil–pencils kind–king s
b.如单数名词以s,x,sh,ch或z结尾,需在后面加-es:
kiss–kisses church–churches fox–foxes match–matches
dish–dishes branch–branches brush–brushes buzz—buzzes
c.以y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es:
lady–ladies army–armies
如果y前还有一个元音字母,则直接加-s:
day–days key–keys boy–boys monkey–monkeys
d.以o结尾的词,多数加-s:
demo–demos kilo–kilos tempo–tempos tobacco–tobaccos
cello–cellos memo–memos piano—pianos canto–cantos
solo–solos photo–photos ratio–ratios
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一概加-s,如:bamboos,tattoos,
但有少数以o结尾的词后需加-es:
echo–echoes;embargo–embargoes;torpedo—torpedoes;veto—vetoes;
hero—heroes;negro—negroes;potato—potatoes;其他以o结尾的词,一般既可加-s,也可加-es:zero—zeros,zeroes;halo—halos,haloes;mango—mangos,mangoes.此外还有:motto;tornado;volcano;cargo;buffalo;commando;mosquito。
e.以f或fe结尾的词,多数直接加-s:
chief–chiefs reef–reefs cliff—cliffs cuff—cuffs roof—roofs belief—beliefs safe—safes gulf—gulfs strife—strifes
但有几个名词,需变f为v,再加-es:
elf—elves leaf—leaves calf—calves thief—thieves
shelf—shelves loaf—loaves half—halves life—lives
self—selves wife—wives wolf—wolves knife—knives
有个别名词,可加-s或-es:
hoof—hoofs,hooves;wharf—wharfs,wharves;scarf—scarfs,scarves; dwarf—dwarfs,dwarves;beef—beefs,beeves;
2.不规则的复数形式
a.把单数形式稍加变化,成为复数形式:
单数复数单数复数
man men foot feet
woman women tooth teeth
mouse mice child children
louse lice ox oxen
goose geese
b.把单数形式用作复数形式(即单复同形):
1)sheep,deer,swine,fish,cod,salmon,但在表示不同种类时可加-s。
2)dozen,score,head,series,species,craft.
例如:two dozen of these,a hundred species of fish,all kinds of craft,20head of cattle,six hundred。(表示概数要说hundreds of,thousands of years.)
3)Chinese,Japanese,Vietnamese,Swiss等这些表示一些国家的人民,也是单复同形。
c.外来词的特殊变化。
如:criterion—criteria;phenomenon—phenomena;stimulus—stimuli; analysis—analyses;medium—media。
3.合成词的复数形式
a.一般来说,合成词中的第一个词是名词或更为重要,-s词尾就加在它上面:commanders-in-chief,fathers-in-law,editors-in-chief,lookers-on,standers-by。
b.其他合成词把-s词尾加在最后:go-betweens;stay-at-homes;good-for-nothings。
c.但下面类型的合成词,前后两个词都用复数形式:men servants,women singers。
4.单复数形式的意义
a.一些名词的单数形式和复数形式意思不同,如:sand,air,ground,force,return, good,paper。
b.一些名词的复数形式除了表示原意外,还有其他意思,如:arm,color,custom, letter,term,scale。
四、名词的作用
名词在句子中起重要作用,了解它的作用对掌握句子至关重要。它在句子中有15种作用,它可以用作:
1).主语(Subject):
Some goods will arrive tomorrow.
2).宾语(Object):
John can cross this dangerous river.
3).间接宾语(Indirect Object)和直接宾语(Direct Object):
The teacher told children stories.
She cooked her husband a big fish.
4).主语的补语(Subjective Complement):
Miss Lee is a nurse.
Mary has become a teacher.
The ruins have been a palace.
5).宾语的补语(Objective Complement):
I consider the world a school.
They elected my uncle president.