Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage下水道污水to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to
a new report-and it may not be a bed thing.
While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers
are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food.
"There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and
hurt great numbers of urban consumers," said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.
The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlike
developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers.下水道
When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk
absorbing disease-causing XX, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die a year
because of diarrhea-related与腹泻相关的diseases, according to WHO statistics. XXX than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contant with contaminated water and a lack of XXX anitation. But Pay
Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.
Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape
poverty.
Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption.
In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business. In some cases, water is so scarce that
farmers break open sewage pipes
transporting waste to local rivers.
Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked, minimizing the
risk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly 50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary,
alternative.
In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer us can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients.
"Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. "We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used
in agriculture for good reason."
47.【题干】What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?
【选项】
A.Its risks cannot be overestimated.
B.It should be forbidden altogether.
C.Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.
D.It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.
【答案】D
【解析】
48.【题干】What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation?
【选项】
A.Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.
B.It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.
C.Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.
D.It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.
【答案】C
【解析】
英语六级报名入口202149.【题干】What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel's attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?
【选项】
A.Favorable.
B.Indifferent.
C.Skeptical.
D.Responsible.
【答案】A
【解析】
50.【题干】What does Pay Dreschsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?
【选项】
A.They have been somewhat exaggerated.
B.They can be dealt with through education.
C.They will be minimized with new technology.
D.They can be addressed by improved sanitation.
【答案】B
【解析】Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said,
51.【题干】What do we learn about James Bartram's position on the use of human waste for farming?
【选项】
A.He echoes Pay Drechsel's opinion on the issue.
B.He chaltenges Liqa Raschid-Sally's conclusion
C.He thinks it the only way out of the current food erisis.
D.He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.
【答案】A
【解析】"Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. "We need to accept that fact across much of the planet,
so waste with little or no treatment will be
used in agriculture for good reason."
These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol take-aways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs. Which makes it
odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house, what the great hall was to the mediev
al castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.
The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is now worth $170 billion, five times the country's film industry. In the year to August 2021, IKEA, a
Swedish furniture chain, sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a "major" kitchen overhaul in 2021, calculates Remodeling magazing, was a staggering $54,000, even a
"minor" improvement cost on average $18,000.
Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson&Cornish, a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens, offers a Georgian-style one which would
cost £145,000-155,000—excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it :"You won't see this kitchen anywhere else in the word."
The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants for the modem family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into the
early 20th century, kitchens were smoky,
noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back of the house, as far from living space as possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were for servants, and the aspiring middle
classes wanted nothing to do with them.
But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became a natter of interest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking
about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In American human's Home、published in 1869, the Beecher
sisters recommended a scientific approach to use hold
management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman's work and promote order. Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American, Chris Frederick, who set
about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work, House-Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home, was based on detailed observation of a wife's daily routine. She borrowed
the Principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied
mestic tasks on the kitchen floor.
Frederick's central idea, that "stove,sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely". Inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed in
the 1920s by Mangarete Schutter. Libotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today's kitchen.
52.【题干】What does the author say about the kitchen of today?
【选项】
A.It is where housewives display their cooking skills.
B.It is where the family entertains important guests.
C.It has become something odd in a modern house.
D.It is regarded as the center of a modern home.
【答案】D
【解析】Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house, what the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.
53.【题干】Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price?
【选项】
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