People select news in expectation  of a reward. This reward may be either of two kinds. One is related to what Freud  calls the  Pleasure  Principle, the  other  to  what  he  calls the  Reality  Principle.  For want of better names,  we shall call these two classes  immediate  reward  and  delayed  reward.
In general, the kind  of news which may  be expected to  give  immediate  reward  are  news  of crime and  corruption,  accidents  and  disasters,  sports,  social  events,  and  human interest.  Delayed reward may  be  expected  from  news  of  public  affairs,  economic  matters,  social  problems,  science, education, and health.
人们在选择新闻的时候都希望从中得到回报。这种回报有两种类型。其一，被Freud称之为娱乐回报原则；其二，是现实回报原则；换一种更好听一点的名字，可以将他们分别称之为即时回报和延迟回报。
总的来讲，能够得到即时回报的新闻往往包括犯罪、贪污、交通事故、自然灾害、体育、社会重大事件以及人们津津乐道的话题。而延迟回报则往往和公众事件、经济、社会问题、科学、教育以及健康等方面的行为有关。
News of the first  kind  pays  its  rewards  at  once.  A reader can enjoy  an  indirect  experience  without  any  of the dangers or  stresses involved.  He can tremble wildly at an  axe-murder, shake his head  sympathetically    and  safely at  a  hurricane,  identify  himself  with  the  winning  team,  laugh understa
ndingly  at  a warm  little story  of children  or  dogs.
2015江苏高考英语答案
读第一种类型的新闻，得到的回报是即时的。读这类新闻，读者无需经历任何危险或压力而获取直接经验：面对手持利斧的杀人犯而颤栗；也会对飓风灾难中人们的生死安危或同情或担忧；同样也会把自己列为比参赛中的获胜方而欢呼；读到关于孩子或狗狗的温情故事，也会为之动容，露出会心的笑容。
News of the second kind, however, pays its rewards later. It sometimes requires the reader  to tolerate unpleasantness  or  annoyance—as,  for  example,  when  he  reads  of  the  threatening  foreign situation, the mounting national debt, rising taxes, falling market, scarce housing, and cancer. It has a kind of “threat value.” It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.  When a reader selects delayed reward news, he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.  When he selects  news  of  the  other  kind, he  usually  withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.
然而读第一种类型的新闻，得到的回报却是延迟的，非直接的。它有时会要求读者去忍受各种不快与烦恼：如日益紧张的外交局势、节节攀升的国家债务、不断升高的各项税收、疲软的市场、紧张的住房、癌症凡此种种。这样就产生了一种“威胁
价值”。此类新闻对读者起到了一种告知和预警的作用。一旦读者选择了延迟类的新闻，他就会全身心地
投入现实世界之中，而要想在现实世界中立足，唯有通过艰辛的努力才能实现。但读者如果选择了第一种新闻，即即时回报类新闻，他往往会从具有威胁性的现实世界转向充满梦想的理想世界。      For  any  individual, of course, the boundaries of these two classes are not stable. For example, a sociologist  may  read  news  of  crime  as  a  social  problem, rather  than  for  its  immediate  reward.  A  coach may read  a  sports  story  for  its  threat  value: he  may  have  to  play  that  team  next  week. A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting, not for its delayed reward, but very  much  as his wife reads  an  account  of  a party.  In  any  given  story  of  corruption  or  disaster, a thoughtful reader  may  receive  not  only  the  immediate  reward  of  indirect