Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions;the Sunday roast.__1__a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can2it.Yet as we report now,the food police are determined our health.That this__3__should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure__4__to damage our health.
The Food Standards Authority(FSA)has__5__a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked__6__high temperatures.This means that people should__7__ crisping their roast potatoes,spurn thin-crust pizzas and only__8__toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?__9__studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no__10__evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
Scientists say the compound is"__11__to be carcinogenic"but have no hard scientific proof.__12__the precautionary principle,it could be argued that it is__13__to follow the FSA advice.__14__,it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a__15__.
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be__16__up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?__17__,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods__18__,but to reduce their lifetime intake.However,their__19__risks coming across as exhortation and nannying.Constant health scares just__20__with no one listening.
1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till
2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence
3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern
4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed
5.[A]issued[B]received[C]ignored[D]canceled
6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by
7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid
8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially
9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While
10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]inconclusive[D]negative
11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow
12.[A]On the basis of[B]At the cost of[C]In addition to[D]In contrast to
13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate
14.[A]As usual[B]In particular[C]By definition[D]After all
15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern
16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used
17.[A]To be fair[B]For instance[C]To be brief[D]in general
18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully
19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition
20.[A]follow up[B]pick up[C]open up[D]end up
SectionⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40points）
Text1
A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture"award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in2017and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1.Cooper and her colleag
ues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in£220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain'town,it is true are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in1990and Liverpool in2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after town of culture,who knows that will follow-village of culture?Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run"year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right,and requires a remarkable degree of vision,as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community. groups and cultural organisations.But it can be d
one:Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art,music and theatre that it remains today.
A"town of culture"could be not just about the arts but about honoring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.
21.Copper and her colleague argue that a"town of culture"award would___.
B.promote cooperation among Brain's towns
C.increase the economic strength of Brain's towns
D.focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.
22.According to paragraph2,the proposal might be regarded by some as______..
A.a sensible compromise
B.a self-deceiving attempt
C.an eye-catching bonus
D.an inaccessible target
23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it______
考研英语1真题
C.brings its local arts to prominence
Dmits to its long-term growth
24.“Glasgow”is mentioned in Paragraph3to present______
A.a contrasting case
B.a supporting example
C.a background story
D.a related topic
25.What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?
A.Skeptical
B.Objective
C.Favorable
D.Critical
Text2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis. The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than£900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than£210m in2016to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around￡500to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs”had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.
26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money"partly because________
[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.
27.According to Paragraphs2and3,scientific publishers Elsevier have________
[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.
[B]gone through an existential crisis.
[C]revived the publishing industry.
[D]financed researchers generously.
28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A]Relieved.
[B]Puzzled.
[C]Concerned
[D]Encouraged.
29.It can be learned from Paragraphs5and6that open access terms________
[A]allow publishers some room to make money.
[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C]reduce the cost of publication substantially.
[D]free universities from financial burdens.
30.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?
[A]Trial subscription is offered.
[B]Labour triumphs over status.
[C]Costs are well controlled.
D]The few feed on the many.
Text3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field.But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempor
e Patricia Haddad,to ensure"gender parity"on boards and commissions,provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than40percent female.In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities,they have proposed imposing government quotas.If the bills become law,state boards and commissions will be required to set aside50percent of board seats for women by2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia,which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure,California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law,which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important"policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,even where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of"equal protection".
But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population,but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst,between2010and2015the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by54percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
Writing in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skirt "phenomenon,where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.
31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________
[A]help little to reduce gender bias.
[B]pose a threat to the state government.
[C]raise women's position in politics.
[D]greatly broaden career options.
32.Which of the following is true of the California measure?
[A]It has irritated private business owners.
[B]It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,
[C]It may go against the Constitution.
[D]It will settle the prior controversies.
33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate____
[A]the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.
[C]the pressure on women in global corporations.
[D]the needlessness of government interventions.
34.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____
[A]the underestimation of elite women's role.
[B]the objection to female participation on boards.
[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[D]the growing tension between labor and management.
35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
[A]Women's need in employment should be considered.
[B]Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[C]Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[D]Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.
Text4
Last Thursday,the French Senate passed a digital services tax,which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data,and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax,"meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple,Facebook and Amazon-in other words,multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron,who has expressed support for the measure,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy,with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue.Instead,the digital servi
ces tax is part of a much larger trend,with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.These have included Britain's DPT(diverted profits tax),Australia's MAAL(multinational antiavoidance law),and India's SEP(significant economic presence)test,to name but a few. At the same time,the European Union,Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.In other words,they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
In response to these many unilateral measures,the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
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