词汇翻译（30分）
英译汉：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese (共15分，一个3分）
1 added value tax
增值税
英译汉：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese (共15分，一个3分）
1 added value tax
增值税
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增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。从计税原理上说，增值税是对商品生产、流通、劳务服务中多个环节的新增价值或商品的附加值征收的一种流转税。实行价外税，也就是由消费者负担，有增值才征税没增值不征税。
2 annual financial report
年度财务报告
增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。从计税原理上说，增值税是对商品生产、流通、劳务服务中多个环节的新增价值或商品的附加值征收的一种流转税。实行价外税，也就是由消费者负担，有增值才征税没增值不征税。
2 annual financial report
年度财务报告
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年度财务报告是指年度终了对外提供的财务报告。通常将半年度，季度和月度财务报告统称为
年度财务报告是指年度终了对外提供的财务报告。通常将半年度，季度和月度财务报告统称为
中期财务会计报告。年度财务报告作为综合反映企业单位年末财务状况、全年经营成果和现金流量的报告，在沟通企业单位管理层与财务会计报告使用者之间起着十分重要的桥梁作用。
3 bull market
牛市，旺市；多头市场。
牛市，旺市指交易旺盛的市场形势，和"淡市'相对。
多头市场又称买空市场，是指股价的基本趋势持续上升时形成的投机者不断买进证券，需求大于供给的市场现象。
4 law of diminishing marginal returns
边际收益递减规律
3 bull market
牛市，旺市；多头市场。
牛市，旺市指交易旺盛的市场形势，和"淡市'相对。
多头市场又称买空市场，是指股价的基本趋势持续上升时形成的投机者不断买进证券，需求大于供给的市场现象。
4 law of diminishing marginal returns
边际收益递减规律
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又称边际效益递减规律，或边际产量递减规律，指在短期生产过程中，在其他条件不变（如技术水平不变）的前提下，增加某种生产要素的投入，当该生产要素投入数量增加到一定程度以后，增加一单位该要素所带来的效益增加量是递减的，边际收益递减规律是以技术水平和其他生产要素的投入数量保持不变为条件的条件下进行讨论的一种规律。
又称边际效益递减规律，或边际产量递减规律，指在短期生产过程中，在其他条件不变（如技术水平不变）的前提下，增加某种生产要素的投入，当该生产要素投入数量增加到一定程度以后，增加一单位该要素所带来的效益增加量是递减的，边际收益递减规律是以技术水平和其他生产要素的投入数量保持不变为条件的条件下进行讨论的一种规律。
5 angel investment
天使投资
天使投资
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是权益资本投资的一种形式，是指富有的个人出资协助具有专门技术或独特概念的原创项目或小型初创企业，进行一次性的前期投资。 它是风险投资的一种形式，在根据天使投资人的投资数量以及对被投资企业可能提供的综合资源进行投资。
6 capital turnover
资本周转
是权益资本投资的一种形式，是指富有的个人出资协助具有专门技术或独特概念的原创项目或小型初创企业，进行一次性的前期投资。 它是风险投资的一种形式，在根据天使投资人的投资数量以及对被投资企业可能提供的综合资源进行投资。
6 capital turnover
资本周转
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资本周转指不断重复、周而复始的资本循环过程。资本必须在运动中才能实现其价值增殖，这种运动不能孤立地循环一次便停下来，而必须持续不断地周期性地进行。产业资本连续不断、周而复始的循环。资本必须在运动中才能实现其价值增值，这种运动不能孤立地循环一次便停下来，而必须持续不断地周期性地进行。这样的资本循环，叫做资本周转。
7 butterfly effect
蝴蝶效应
资本周转指不断重复、周而复始的资本循环过程。资本必须在运动中才能实现其价值增殖，这种运动不能孤立地循环一次便停下来，而必须持续不断地周期性地进行。产业资本连续不断、周而复始的循环。资本必须在运动中才能实现其价值增值，这种运动不能孤立地循环一次便停下来，而必须持续不断地周期性地进行。这样的资本循环，叫做资本周转。
7 butterfly effect
蝴蝶效应
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蝴蝶效应是指在一个动力系统中，初始条件下微小的变化能带动整个系统的长期的巨大的连锁反应。这是一种混沌现象。任何事物发展均存在定数与变数，事物在发展过程中其发展轨迹有规律可循，同时也存在不可测的“变数”，一个微小的变化能影响事物的发展，说明事物的发展具有复杂性。
8 calling center
呼叫中心
蝴蝶效应是指在一个动力系统中，初始条件下微小的变化能带动整个系统的长期的巨大的连锁反应。这是一种混沌现象。任何事物发展均存在定数与变数，事物在发展过程中其发展轨迹有规律可循，同时也存在不可测的“变数”，一个微小的变化能影响事物的发展，说明事物的发展具有复杂性。
8 calling center
呼叫中心
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呼叫中心是充分利用现代通讯与计算机技术，如IVR（交互式语音800呼叫中心流程图应答系统）、ACD（自动呼叫分配系统）等等，可以自动灵活地处理大量各种不同的电话呼入和呼出业务和服务的运营操作场所。呼叫中心在企业应用中已经逐渐从电话营销中心向着CTI（计算机通信集成）综合呼叫中心转变，已经将电话、计算机、互联网等多种媒介综合应用于营销、服务等等多项工作当中。呼叫中心就是在一个相对集中的场所，由一批服务人员组成的服务机构，通常利用计算机通讯技术，处理来自企业、顾客的垂询与咨询需求。以电话咨询为例，具备同时处理大量来话的能力，还具备主叫号码显示，可将来电自动分配给具备
呼叫中心是充分利用现代通讯与计算机技术，如IVR（交互式语音800呼叫中心流程图应答系统）、ACD（自动呼叫分配系统）等等，可以自动灵活地处理大量各种不同的电话呼入和呼出业务和服务的运营操作场所。呼叫中心在企业应用中已经逐渐从电话营销中心向着CTI（计算机通信集成）综合呼叫中心转变，已经将电话、计算机、互联网等多种媒介综合应用于营销、服务等等多项工作当中。呼叫中心就是在一个相对集中的场所，由一批服务人员组成的服务机构，通常利用计算机通讯技术，处理来自企业、顾客的垂询与咨询需求。以电话咨询为例，具备同时处理大量来话的能力，还具备主叫号码显示，可将来电自动分配给具备
相应技能的人员处理，并能记录和储存所有来话信息。一个典型的以客户服务为主的呼叫中心可以兼具呼入与呼出功能，当处理顾客的信息查询、咨询、投诉等业务的同时，可以进行顾客回访、满意度调查等呼出业务。
汉译英：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in English(共15分，一个3分）
1 联合国贸发会议
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development（UNCTAD)
Established in 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development.
2 普惠制
Generalised System of Preferences（GSP)
The Generalized System of Preferences, or GSP, is a preferential tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT). Specifically, it's a system of exemption from the most favored nation principle (MFN) that obliges WTO member countries to treat the imports of all other WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their "most favored" trading partner. In essence, MFN requires WTO member countries to treat imports coming from all other WTO member countries equally, that is, by imposing equal tariffs on them, etc.GSP exempts WTO member countries from MFN for the purpose of lowering tariffs for the least developed countries, without also lowering tariffs for rich countries
3 北美自由贸易协定
North American Free Trade Agreement（NAFTA)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America.
The Generalized System of Preferences, or GSP, is a preferential tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT). Specifically, it's a system of exemption from the most favored nation principle (MFN) that obliges WTO member countries to treat the imports of all other WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their "most favored" trading partner. In essence, MFN requires WTO member countries to treat imports coming from all other WTO member countries equally, that is, by imposing equal tariffs on them, etc.GSP exempts WTO member countries from MFN for the purpose of lowering tariffs for the least developed countries, without also lowering tariffs for rich countries
3 北美自由贸易协定
North American Free Trade Agreement（NAFTA)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America.
The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.It superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC).In terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members, as of 2013 the trade bloc is the largest in the world as well as by nominal GDP comparison.
4 口碑
word of mouth，public praise
Word of mouth is the passing of information from person to person by oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day. Storytelling is a common form of word-of-mouth communication where one person tells others a story about a real event or something made up. Oral tradition is cultural material and traditions transmitted by word of mouth through successive generations. Storytelling and oral tradition are forms of word of mouth that play important roles in folklore and mythology. Another example of oral communication is oral history—the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical in
4 口碑
word of mouth，public praise
Word of mouth is the passing of information from person to person by oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day. Storytelling is a common form of word-of-mouth communication where one person tells others a story about a real event or something made up. Oral tradition is cultural material and traditions transmitted by word of mouth through successive generations. Storytelling and oral tradition are forms of word of mouth that play important roles in folklore and mythology. Another example of oral communication is oral history—the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical in
formation, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker. Oral history preservation is the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials collected by word of mouth, whatever format they may be in.
5 汇票
bill of exchange
A bill of exchange or "draft" is a written order by the drawer to the drawee to pay money to the payee. A common type of bill of exchange is the cheque (check in American English), defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand. Bills of exchange are used primarily in international trade, and are written orders by one person to his bank to pay the bearer a specific sum on a specific date. Prior to the advent of paper currency, bills of exchange were a common means of exchange. They are not used as often today
6 倾销
dumping
In economics, "dumping" is a kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a p
5 汇票
bill of exchange
A bill of exchange or "draft" is a written order by the drawer to the drawee to pay money to the payee. A common type of bill of exchange is the cheque (check in American English), defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand. Bills of exchange are used primarily in international trade, and are written orders by one person to his bank to pay the bearer a specific sum on a specific date. Prior to the advent of paper currency, bills of exchange were a common means of exchange. They are not used as often today
6 倾销
dumping
In economics, "dumping" is a kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a p
rice either below the price charged in its home market or below its cost of production.
7利基营销
niche marketing
Niche marketing is marketing a product or service in a small portion of a market that is not being readily served by the main stream product or service providers. Nearly everything we take for granted –from the fast food chains, convenience stores, even Wal-Mart–began as a business to fill perceived voids in the market place. These “niches” can be geographic areas, a specialty industry, a demographic or ethnic group, a specific gender group, or other special group of people.
8 特许经营
考研历年真题库Franchising
Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firm's successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word "franchise" is of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free—and is used both as a noun and as a (transitive) verb.For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building "chain stores" to distribute goods that a
7利基营销
niche marketing
Niche marketing is marketing a product or service in a small portion of a market that is not being readily served by the main stream product or service providers. Nearly everything we take for granted –from the fast food chains, convenience stores, even Wal-Mart–began as a business to fill perceived voids in the market place. These “niches” can be geographic areas, a specialty industry, a demographic or ethnic group, a specific gender group, or other special group of people.
8 特许经营
考研历年真题库Franchising
Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firm's successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word "franchise" is of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free—and is used both as a noun and as a (transitive) verb.For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building "chain stores" to distribute goods that a
voids the investments and liability of a chain. The franchisor's success depends on the success of the franchisees. The franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because he or she has a direct stake in the business. Essentially, and in terms of distribution, the franchisor is a supplier who allows an operator, or a franchisee, to use the supplier's trademark and distribute the supplier's goods. In return, the operator pays the supplier a fee. Thirty three countries—including the United States and Australia—have laws that explicitly regulate franchising, with the majority of all other countries having laws which have a direct or indirect impact on franchising.
9市场细分
10对等贸易
9市场细分
10对等贸易
英译汉：
原文
英译汉的题源
英译汉的译文
汉译英：
原文
我国人口老龄化对经济增长的潜在影响
理论研究认为, 老龄化会减少劳动力供给, 降低社会储蓄率, 导致产出和资本形成能力下降, 最终影响经济增长。同时, 发达国家的实际表明, 随着人口老龄化, 养老费用及人均医疗费用均会大幅上升, 加重政府财政负担。惠园教育我们只专注于对外经贸大学考研辅导。
我国人口老龄化对经济增长的潜在影响
理论研究认为, 老龄化会减少劳动力供给, 降低社会储蓄率, 导致产出和资本形成能力下降, 最终影响经济增长。同时, 发达国家的实际表明, 随着人口老龄化, 养老费用及人均医疗费用均会大幅上升, 加重政府财政负担。惠园教育我们只专注于对外经贸大学考研辅导。
与发达国家“富老同步冶或者“先富后老冶相比, 我国人均收入水平仍然较低, 属于明显的“未富先老冶, 对经济增长的影响日益明显。一是未来劳动力供给减少和成本上升, 将不利于企业尤其是劳动密集型企业发展。二是老年抚养比淤上升将影响居民储蓄数量和储蓄倾向,
惠园教育我们只专注于对外经贸大学考研辅导。
并通过降低企业利润间接影响企业储蓄行为。储蓄下降将减少投资资金来源, 并影响资金价格。三是加重财政支出负担。与发达国家相比, 我国社会保障水平较低, 养老保险和医疗保险面临资金紧张、覆盖面窄等问题, 许多地方存在养老金缺口。随着我国社会保障体系逐渐完
善, 养老金水平不断提高, 医疗保障覆盖面扩大, 未来老龄化所带来的财政支出将大幅增长, 财政压力随之增大。
更完整357英语翻译基础考研试题请见：2015年对外经贸大学357英语翻译基础考研真题完整版
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