2021年研究生入学考试英语二试题
Section I  Use of English
Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 　1   across the Web.
2021英语二答案Can privacy be preserved 　2　 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 　3　 ? 
  Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a　4　 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify〞 system that would be the high-tech 　5　 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 　6　 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 　7　 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to 　8　 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 　9　 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 　10　 by the government.
  Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on〞 systems that make it possible for users to 　11　 just once but use many different services. 
　12　 , the approach would create a “walled garden〞 in safe “neighborhoods〞 and bright “streetlights〞 to establish a sense of 　13　 community.
  Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem〞 in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 　14　 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 　15　 .'"
Still, the administration’s plan has 　16　 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 　17　 be a license〞 mentality.
  The plan has also been greeted with 　18　 by some experts, who worry that the “volunta
ry ecosystem〞 would still leave much of the Internet 　19　 .They argue that should be 　20　 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
 1．
2．
3．
4．
5．
6．
7．
8．
9．
10．
11．
A.carry on
B.linger on
C.set in
D.log in
12．
A.In vain
B.In effect
C.In return
D.In contrast
13．
14．
15．
16．
17．
18．
19．
20．
Section II  Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text  1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 202X: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2021 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 202X. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise〞 disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jump
ing off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.〞 Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for        .
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be        .
[A]generous investors        [B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters      [D]independent advisers