英语证书考试美国研究生入学考试（GRE）模拟题2020年(8)
(总分100, 做题时间225分钟)
阅读理解
.  ①**munities are dependent on plants for organic matter. ②Plants provide organic matter for **munities through the decomposition of leaf litter, by oozing nutrients from roots, or through other methods of deposition of **pounds into the soil environments. ③As a result of these diverse methods by which plants supply resources, unique **munities form under different plant species and under **munities that differ in composition. ④If a nonnative plant species invades an above-**munity of flora and fauna, it can alter links between the native above-**munity and the below-ground **munity. ⑤For example, an invading nonnative plant could alter the quantity of leaf litter production, which would alter nutrient contributions to the soil.
** plants supply resources to **munities by depositing leaf litter.
A 
A
B 
B
C 
C
    分值: 4
答案:B,C
B、C：植物给土壤提供资源的方式可以定位在第②句，选项B、C均可在这句话中到对应。
   A：文中未提及。
** different plants supply resources to **munities in different ways, distinctive **munities form under different **munities.
A 
A
B 
B
C 
C
    分值: 0
答案:C
C：正确，对应文中第③句。
   A：文中未提及土壤缺乏营养。
   B：文中只是表明土壤依赖植物，但是没有提及土壤依赖植物的不同程度。
.  ①One of the reasons why many early British colonies in North America failed amid the New World's abundance was that the settlers' mindset prevented them from living like the native inhabitants. ②From Native Americans, the settlers learned such skills as building brushwood weirs to trap fish, but they did not adopt the real key to success: mobility. ③The whole intellectual foundation of European civilization was fixity—a worldview profoundly different from that of Native Americans, who moved in response to changing food resources. ④Settlers were drawn to North America by tales of its extraordinary abundance, not realizing that abundance is seasonal. ⑤Culture and ecological knowledge allowed Native Americans to exploit different food sources at different time of year.
3. 
3.  The author suggests which of the following about the early British colonies in North America that failed? ______
∙** inhabitants' worldview was deeply affected with native people and practices
∙** inhabitants experienced critical food shortages in part because their culture hindered their ability to exploit seasonally available resources.
** longevity would have been greater had the inhabitants adopted more of the fishing technologies used by Native Americans
A 
A
B 
B
C 
研究生考试总分多少
C
    分值: -2
答案:B
B：综合全文可知，英国殖民者在资源方面失败的原因之一是没有像美洲原住民那样利用资源的季节性，因此选项B正确。
4. 
4.  The author mentions "brushwood weirs" primarily in order to ______
∙** that Native Americans provided certain forms of assistance to colonial settlers
∙** a skill that allowed Native Americans to thrive in regions where colonies failed to
∙** the kinds of technologies used by Native Americans from those used by colonial settlers
∙** that colonial settlers adopted certain Native American ways even though they failed in the New World
** the assumptions of British colonial settlers and Native Americans in the New World
A 
A
B 
B
C 
C
D 
D
E 
E
    分值: 0
答案:D
D：brushwood weirs写在第②句but之前，因此属于让步的内容，优先考虑acknowledge、concede或qualify开头的选项，因此锁定选项D。同时，根据第②句可知，brushwood weirs确实是欧洲人从美洲原住民那里学来的，只是欧洲人因为没有学到美洲原住民的移动性所以失败了，这与选项D对应。
   A：brushwood weirs确实是欧洲人从美洲原住民那里学的，但不见得一定是美洲原住民给欧洲人提供了帮助。
   B：使得土著人得以繁荣的技能是“移动性”，而非brushwood weirs。
   C：这个技能也是美洲原住民使用的，因此不是contrast。
   E：assumptions在文中没有对应。
.  ①What causes size variation in bumblebee workers? ②In pollen storing species larvae develop in individual nest cells and are fed directly by adults. ③Thus, adults probably determine the size attained by each larva. ④Bumblebee larval cells are not as neatly organized as are those of honeybees, and larvae at the periphery of the brood may receive less care than others. ⑤Some researchers may thus believe that ten-fold variation in worker mass results from the accidental neglect of some larvae. ⑥However, given that larvae are reared in a controlled environment by specialized nest workers, it seems more likely that this size variation has an adaptive function and that the colonies benefit from rearing workers of a range of sizes.
5. 
5.  It can be inferred that the author of the passage considers the variation in size of bumblebee workers to be ______
∙**
∙**
∙**
∙**
**
A 
A
B 
B
C 
C
D 
D
E 
E
    分值: 4
答案:D
D：本题问的是作者观点，因此只能定位到第⑥句，作者认为体型差异有可能是一种适应性的功能，而且巢穴会因此而获益，因此选项D正确。
   A：认为体型差异是一种意外收获的是some researchers而非作者。
6. 
6.  In the context in which it appears, "determine" most nearly means ______
∙**
∙**
∙**
∙**
**
A 
A
B 
B
C 
C
D 
D
E 
E
    分值: 0
答案:C
C：这道词汇题比较简单，将选项中单词的含义分别代入原文，唯一合理的是选项C。
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  ①Unlike herbivores and omnivores, predators have traditionally been thought not to balance nutrient intake because of the assumption that animal tissue as a food source varies little and is nutritionally balanced. ②But chemical analysis of invertebrate prey reveals remarkable variation in **position among species; even within species, **position may vary considerably. ③Greenstone suggested that predators may select food items according to their nutrient contents. ④Jensen et al (2011) have shown experimentally that even sit-and-wait invertebrate predators with limited mobility can work to address nutrient deficiencies. ⑤The wolf spider, for instance, has been shown to regulate nutrient intake by extracting more dry mass from a prey item if it contains a higher proportion of a nutrient that was deficient in the previous prey.