全治理能力。四是建设教育考试评价体系与服务平台，通过科学的评价方法与考试大数据挖掘，对不同考次、不同体的考试数据进行关联分析，提供面向区域、学校、考生等不同主体的考试评价服务，挖掘考试数据规律，为教育改革、教学改进、管理优化与科学决策提供依据。
教育考试的高质量发展，是建设高质量教育体系和教育强国的要求，也是新时代我国教育考试事业发展的重要目标。实现教育考试的高质
量发展，关键在于提供高质量的人才选拔体系，引导培育更多高质量的人才，为建设人才强国提供强有力的支撑。我国教育考试在当前及未来都面临一系列的问题与阻碍，如何满足人民众的关切，如何破解影响教育考试高质量发展的关键问题，如何高站位谋划、高水平推进教育考试各项工作，如何谋划好高质量的命题建设、考试组织、考试评价，都是“十四五”时期需要努力的方向。
2020年10月13日，中共中央、国务院印发的
《深化新时代教育评价改革总体方案》（以下简称《总体方案》）提出加强国家教育考试工作队伍建
设，这为教育考试机构的专业化建设指明了方向。
我国实行国家教育考试制度，对普通高考、成人高考、硕士研究生招生考试和高等教育自学考试实行全国统一考试，即确定统一考试科目、考试时间和报考条件，规定统一的招生录取办法和政策，并由教育
部有关部门会同各省级教育考试机构实施统一的考试组织与管理。这一制度对我国高校人才选拔、中学教学引导和社会各阶层有序流动发挥了积极和不可替代的作用。
作为专门从事考试组织与管理的考试机构，其专业性通常体现在2个方面：一是从事专门行业或领域的考试。现代社会分工明确，专业考试机构从事的领域也具有鲜明的行业或职业特点，例如公务员考试、教育考试、司法考试、会计专业
技术资格考试等，这些考试的组织机构长期在各自行业里深耕细作，所组织的考试项目具有较高的权威性。二是在考试的各个环节都有比较完备的安全保障措施。考试安全是考试公平和具有公信力的基本保障，不同类型考试涉及的命题、报名、考场编排、考试实施、试卷评阅、成绩报告等考试流程大同小异，对专业考试机构来说，需要深谙其中的风险所在，不仅要在具体举措上倾力投入，更要以考试安全为中心建立组织管理体系、设计操作步骤、制定监督措施等，确保考试全过程可控、可追溯。
考试是按照确定的标准科学地评价考试对象，基于不同维度将考试对象进行分类或排序，为考试需求方提供进一步评价的依据。因此，通过考试持续提升考试对象的素质与能力，使其更好地达到设定的标准，是考试机构生存发展的必由之路。以教育考试为例，英国高中A-Level 考
以评价改革推动教育考试机构的专业化建设
郑方贤
（上海市教育考试院，上海200433）
收稿日期：2020-11-26
作者简介：
郑方贤（1961—），男，上海市教育考试院院长。教育考试“十四五”发展愿景笔谈
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在不同国家及地区教育改革中，考试改革往往是首当其冲。中国是考试的发源地，考试改革一直都在进行中，但每一步都举步维艰，足见涉及考试改革的问题极为复杂。高考是改变普通人命运的机会，其高风险性极易引发教育及社会问题。中国大陆目前正在推进的高考综合改革，探索依据统一高考和高中学业水平考试成绩、参考综合素质评价即“两依据、一参考”进行高校招
生录取，其中综合素质评价包括的内容比较广泛，既有思想品德、身心健康、艺术素养、社会实践等方面的考核内容，也有学业水平即平时学习成绩的考量（在香港地区称为校本评核）。将校本评核成绩计入公开考试成绩内，在一些西方国家普遍采用，也曾受香港地区的推崇。本文总结香港地区采用后的经验及争论，供中国大陆在实施高考改革时参考。
高考改革：校内成绩计入
公开试成绩的香港经验及启示
侯杰泰
（香港中文大学，香港特别行政区999077）
试是对学生的高中课程水平进行评价，也是英国大学入学的统一测试，负责该考试的剑桥大学考试委员会多年来通过不断增设考试科目，为学生提供更多的自我认知和发展机会，也使得大学可以更为全面地考查和评价学生。同样，美国SAT 考试也是学生申请大学的依据，为了整体提升学生接受大学教育的能力和水平，组织此项考试的美国大学理事会又开发了大学先修课程考试，以推动学生更好地适应大学教育。因此，考试机构的专业化还体现在能否结合行业特点进行考试开发，就教育考试机构来说，需要根据人才培养规律和培养目标不断进行考试项目的开发。
考试是以教育学、心理学、社会学、统计学、信息技术等为基础的，围绕考试的功能与目标将各学科的研究成果综合运用于考试设计与开发也是考试机构专业化的体现。我国虽然有上千年的考试历史，但仍以传统的纸笔考试为主，以
统一时间、统一科目、统一试卷的传统方式来确保考试的公平和公正；因此，如何发挥信息技术的支撑作用，有效提升教育考试机构对大规模考试的组织能力，也是新时代发展的要求。
面对新时代提出的建设高质量教育体系要求，全方位推进中考、高考改革，完善初中、高中学业水平考试等都亟须教育考试机构在考试开发技术、考试组织方式、考试评价引领等方面发挥更加专业的作用。《总体方案》也明确要求：坚持科学有效，改进结果评价，强化过程评价，探索增值评价，健全综合评价，充分利用信息技术，提高教育评价的科学性、专业性、客观性。教育考试机构应在工作内容、队伍建设、专业服务等方面全面提升能力和水平，丰富考试评价方式，促进学生全面发展，为形成富有时代特征、彰显中国特、体现世界水平的教育评价体系作出应有的贡献。
收稿日期：2020-11-24
作者简介：
侯杰泰（1955—），男，香港中文大学教育心理学卓敏讲座教授，美国教育研究协会院士，国际应用心理学会院士。
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教育考试“十四五”发展愿景笔谈
编者按：“十四五”时期是我国加快推进教育现代化、建设高质量教育体系和教育强国的重要阶段，也是教育考试事业深化新时代教育评价改革、建设中国特现代教育考试制度、提升国家教育考试治理体系和治理能力现代化的关键时期。为深入探讨“十四五”时期我国教育考试事业的发展方向和实现路径，本刊邀请专家围绕教育考试事业发展愿景展开笔谈，希冀能为教育考试在“十四五”时期高质量发展提供有益参考。
Journal of China Examinations 2021年第2期No.2,2021
05].www.xinhuanet/2017-10/27/c_1121867529.htm.
[4]中共中央国务院印发《中国教育现代化2035》[EB/
OL].（2019-02-23）[2020-12-05].v/
zhengce/2019-02/23/content_5367987.htm.
[5]何屹松，孙媛媛，汪张龙，等.人工智能评测技术在大
规模中英文作文阅卷中的应用探索[J].中国考试,2018（6）:63-71.
[6]TU Y H,DU J,SUN L,et al.An iterative mask estima­
tion approach to deep learning based multi-channel speech recognition[J].Speech Communication,2019,106:31-43.
[7]中共中央国务院印发《深化新时代教育评价改革总
体方案》[EB/OL].（2020-10-13）[2020-12-05].
上海教育考试院报名
Conversation by Writing on the Development of Educational Examination
in the 14th Five-Year Plan Period
ZHONG Binglin 1,LIU Haifeng 2,XIN Tao 1,MA Luting 3,BAO Lei 4,HUANG Tengjiao 5,
ZHENG Fangxian 6,HAU Kit-Tai 7,RICH SUN Changhua 8,LIU Hongyun 1,YUAN Jianlin 9,LUO Guanzhong 10,HUANG Ronghuai 1,WU Xiaoru 11
（1.Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;2.Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China;3.Education Development Research Center of Ministry of Education,Beijing 100816,China;4.Ohio State University,Columbus,Ohio 43210,USA;5.Chongqing Municipal Educational Examinations Authority,
Chongqing 401147,China;6.Shanghai Municipal Educational Examinations Authority,Shanghai 200433,China;7.The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong 999077,China;8.ACT,Inc.,Iowa City,Iowa 52246,USA;9.Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China;10.Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang
330022,China;11.IFLYTEK Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230001,China ）
Abstract:This issue includes 13articles in the form of conversation by writing,which provide suggestions on the development of educational examination in the 14th Five-Year Plan period from the perspectives of ideology,system,technology and so on.Zhong Binglin suggests enhancing the concept of system and advancing the reform of the system of examination and enrollment on the levels of system design,ideological change,resource input and complementary reform.Liu Haifeng stresses the need to perfect the reform of Gaokao subjects to ensure that the reform of educational examination is fair and scientific.Meanwhile,it is important to prioritize research to lead educational examination to a new phase and quicken the steps of modernizing China ’s educational examination.According to Xin Tao,the reform of educational assessment is the key to the revolution of student cultivation.It is necessary for assessment to play its guiding role from such aspects as assessment goals,assessment content,assessment process and assessment outcome.It is necessary to set moral education as the core of education quality.It is necessary to abandon uni-dimensional assessment indices and strengthen assessment of comprehensive qualities.It is necessary to explore and utilize the
significance and value behind test data and establish a student cultivation system featuring assessm
ent,feedback and improvement.Ma Luting suggests strengthening the guidance of examination on students ’
physical and mental health growth and improvement of thinking ability,weakening the function of selection of
教育考试“十四五”发展愿景笔谈
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Gaokao,and guiding students to make their choices of universities according to their characteristics.In Bao Lei ’s view,in order to advocate effective learning and avoid test-oriented education,it is necessary to expand and deepen Gaokao ’s test content and guide students to formulate test plans and study plans according to their own needs.In this way,ineffective learning for the sake of tests can be turned into effective knowledge and
concrete abilities.According to Huang Tengjiao,it is imperative to perfect the multi-dimensional enrollment mechanism to deepen the comprehensive reform of Gaokao.In addition,it is important to promote the
governance modernization of educational examination by establishing test standards and formulating laws of tests.It is also important to fully promote the intelligence development of educational examination with the
application of information technology and artificial intelligence.Zheng Fangxian points out that educational examination agencies should take the reform of educational assessment in the new era as an opportunity to improve their capacity in an all-round way in terms of work content,team building and professional services.Hau Kit-Tai takes Hong Kong ’s inclusion of school-based assessment scores in college entrance examination scores as an example,concluding that the practice is not applicable to Gaokao which usually places great
importance on scores.To resolve the issue of “single-log bridge ”of Gaokao,the government and the society need to create more professional opportunities and career paths for students.In Rich Sun Changhua ’s article,ACT Holistic Framework is taken as an example to illustrate the necessity of formulating assessment standards
easy for the public to understand and accept on the national level,given the fact that holistic assessment is an important part of the current comprehensive reform of Gaokao.Liu Hongyun and Yuan Jianlin point out that
the assessment of complex skills should be regarded as the priority of the future development of educational examination to make it more scientific and effective in order to help realize the educational goal of cultivating
students in an all-round way.According to Luo Guanzhong,the most urgent issue for China ’s educational examination is to explore the appropriate application of educational psychology theories and measurement techniques and tools on the basis of them.Meanwhile,it is equally important to develop measurement theories,techniques and tools with Chinese characteristics.Huang Ronghuai argues that the utilization of modern information technology for student assessment should be regarded as one important way to promote the reform
and development of education in the 14th Five-Year Plan period,which necessitates the construction of an
intelligent educational assessment system.According to Wu Xiaoru,given the progress made in the a
pplication of artificial intelligence in assessment,the holistic assessment of student ’s morality,intelligence,sports,
aesthetics and labour by artificial intelligence can be regarded as the development direction of educational examination during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.
Keywords:educational examination;14th Five-Year Plan;examination and enrollment system reform;educational assessment reform;modernization of educational examination;assessment of complex skills;professional development of examination agencies;modernized intelligent examination;application of information technology in educational examination
（责任编辑：陈睿张卫周黎明）
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