Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many
worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the
wrong place often carries a high 3.
4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable
feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another.
Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss
study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects
were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10
who inhaled something else.
11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian
study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person
and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic
e looking into the container, container. The tester would ask, ―What’s in here?‖ befor
smiling, and exclaiming, ―Wow!‖ Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17
them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with
the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only
-up activity.
five of the 30 children paired with the ―20‖tester participated in a follow
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered
17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal
to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the
past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and
created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going
into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous
eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet
this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
21.Who will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robot owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential.
[B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual needs.
[D]cooperative spirit.
24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A] encouraging the development of automation.
[B]increasing the return on capital investment.
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.
[D]preventing the income gap from widening.
25.In this text, the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it.
[B]possible solutions to it.
[C]its alarming impacts.
[D]its major variations.
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans
disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer
news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has
risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a
trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web
content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news,
according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found
44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
2019年申论必背50篇Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating
fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people
They
between ages 14and24 found they use ―distributed trust‖ to verify stories.
cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that
are open about any bias. ―Many young people assume a great deal of personal
responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,‖ th黑龙江公务员报名截止时间
e
survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,
Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young
people’s reliance on social media led to greater political enga gement.2020国考申论副省级答案
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and
immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values
and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along
information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans
-up stories or factual
for the fake news phenomenon is ―reader error,‖ more so than made
pretation mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in ―misinter or exaggeration of actual news‖ via social media. In other words, the choice to share news
on social media may be the heart of the issue. ―This indicates there is a real personal
editor in chief at Barna responsibility in counteracting this problem,‖ says Roxanne Stone,
Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental
discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.
[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.
[C] the administrations ability to handle information.
[D] social media was a reliable source of news.
27. The phrase ―beer up‖(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] sharpen
[B] define
[C] boast
[D] share
28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people
2020年执业医师报名时间[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.
[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.
[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.
[D] like to exchange views on ―distributed trust‖普通高中报名系统入口
29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
[A] readers outdated values.
reporting
[B] journalists’ biased
[C] readers’ misinterpretation
-up stories.
2022年两会什么时候召开[D] journalists’ made
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.
Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National
Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean
well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The
potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further
concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free
hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million
patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the
patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further
arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully
scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to
learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms
Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it
―controlled‖ the data and DeepMind merely ―processed" it. But this distinction misses the point tha
t it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the
data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our
lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from
identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works.
The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of
countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly
maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the
algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that
they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If
software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected
to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and
small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will
be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.
31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.
[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with
[A] empty promises.
[B] tough resistance.
[C] necessary adjustments.
[D] sincere apologies.
33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.
[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is
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