英语四级考试网--英语四级翻译的原则与方法(五)
三、正反译与反正译
通常翻译时,英语原文是肯定句或否定句,译为汉语时也采取相应的形式即可。但有时,如果一味的按照原文的肯定形式或否定形式来翻译,会出现表达不通顺,或不符合汉语习惯的情况。这时,就需要将原文的反面表达(否定形式)转换为正面表达(肯定形式),或将原文的正面表达(肯定形式)转换为反面表达(否定形式)。这样才能既不改变原文意思,又使语句通顺流畅。
北京市高等教育自学考试1.正反译
所谓正反译是指原文通过正面(肯定形式)表达的词或句子,译文以反面(否定形式)来表
达。
1)动词及短语,例如
As a result, many people avoided the very attempts that are the source of true happiness.
译文:结果,很多人没有尝试,而这些尝试正是幸福的源泉。
He felt ill at ease.
译文:他感到不自在。
99宿舍四级成绩查询2)有些形容词的比较级和最高级可表示否定意义,例如:
At present it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof.
译文:目前,这个观点已被普遍接受,虽然它是不言而喻的,并不是根据科学严密推理而证明的。
3)形容词及其短语,例如:
The light in the classroom is poor.
译文:教室里的光线不足。
4)介词及其短语,例如:
His answer is beside the mark.
译文:他的回答文不对题。
5)连接词,例如:
The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered.
译文:战士们宁愿战死也决不投降。
6)名词,例如:
Behave yourself during my absence.
译文:我不在时要规矩点。
7)习惯用法,例如:
He is anything but a writer.
译文:他决不是一个作家。
The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.
译文:岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。
The decision has to come.
译文:决定尚未作出。
It is a wise father that knows his own child.
事业单位考试真题题库及答案译文:无论怎样聪明的父亲也不见得了解自己的孩子。
2.反正译
所谓反正译是指原文通过反面(否定形式)表达的词或句子,译文以正面(肯定形式)来表达。
1)动词及短语,例如:
The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.
译文:虽经他一再解释,疑团仍然存在。
The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer.
译文:调查结果清楚的说明病人死于癌症。
2)副词,例如:
It is the only possession that I have not given up.
译文:这是我所保留的唯一财产。
3)形容词及其短语,例如:
He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious(反复无常的).
译文:他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。
4)介词及其短语,例如:
The whole gun was no longer than eight inches.
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译文:整枝的长度只有8英寸。
The problem is not beyond our reach.
译文:这个问题我们能解决。
5)名词,例如:
He showed a strong dislike for father’s business.
2020年执业医师考试真题译文:他对他父亲的生意表现出强烈的厌恶。
6)句子,例如:
The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.
译文:这些事件引起了我们的重视。
7)习惯用法,例如:
no…less than, no…more than,“和……一样”
例如:
Violent video games appeared no more likely to cause loss of temper than other forms of play. 译文:含有暴力内容的电子游戏和其他形式的游戏一样,似乎都不大可能使人受挫发火。
深圳市公务员四、翻译中应注意的问题
在考试中,除了很好的应用翻译技巧以外,还要注意避免一些错误,防止不必要的丢分。考试中考生在翻译方面常见的失误通常表现在指代关系的误译、时态的误译和语态的误译这三个方面。
1.指代关系的误译
在原文中有时会出现代词或有指代意义的动词,很多考生直接将这些指代词按照该词的意思翻译。因此,翻译时要注意联系上下文或通过语法分析,正确理解指代部分的含义,如
果需要译出其含义时,要正确表达。在英语中代词的使用频率较高,而汉语则没有频繁使用代词的习惯。另外有时使用代词会使句子意义不明。因此,要结合具体情况,适当的译出指代部分的含义。
例如:
Money spent on advertising is as well as any money spent that I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.